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In physics, complementarity is both a theoretical and an experimental result of quantum mechanics, also referred as principle of complementarity, closely associated with the Copenhagen interpretation. It holds that objects have complementary properties which cannot be measured accurately at the same time. The more accurately one property is measured, the less accurately the complementary property is measured, according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Further, a full description of a particular type of phenomenon can only be achieved through measurements made in each of the various possible bases — which are thus complementary. The complementarity principle was formulated by Niels Bohr, a leading founder of quantum mechanics. Examples of complementary properties: *Position and momentum *Energy and duration *Spin on different axis *Wave and particle *Value of a field and its change (at a certain position) ''Bohr’s principle'' has only recently been formalized in ''universal complementarity relations'', such as those due to Ozawa〔 Ozawa, M. "Universally valid reformulation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle on noise and disturbance in measurement". Phys. Rev. A 67, 042105 (2003).〕 and Hall.〔 Hall, M. J. W. "Prior information: How to circumvent the standard jointmeasurement uncertainty relation". Phys. Rev. A 69, 052113 (2004).〕〔 Erhart, J. et al. "Experimental demonstration of a universally valid error-disturbance uncertainty relation in spin measurements". Nature Phys. 8, 185–189 (2012).〕〔 Shadbolt,P et al. "Testing foundations of quantum mechanics with photons". Nat.Phys. v10. (DOI:10.1038/NPHYS2931 )〕 ==Concept== Bohr summarized the principle as follows: ''...however far the (physical ) phenomena transcend the scope of classical physical explanation, the account of all evidence must be expressed in classical terms.'' The argument is simply that by the word "experiment" we refer to a situation where we can tell others what we have done and what we have learned and that, therefore, the account of the experimental arrangements and of the results of the observations must be expressed in unambiguous language with suitable application of the terminology of classical physics. This crucial point...implies the ''impossibility of any sharp separation between the behaviour of atomic objects and the interaction with the measuring instruments which serve to define the conditions under which the phenomena appear....'' Consequently, evidence obtained under different experimental conditions cannot be comprehended within a single picture, but must be regarded as ''complementary'' in the sense that only the totality of the phenomena exhausts the possible information about the objects. For example, the particle and wave aspects of physical objects are such complementary phenomena. Both concepts are borrowed from classical mechanics, where it is impossible to be a particle and wave at the same time. Therefore it is impossible to measure the ''full'' properties of the wave and particle at a particular moment. Moreover, Bohr implies that it is not possible to regard objects governed by quantum mechanics as having intrinsic properties independent of determination with a measuring device. The type of measurement determines which property is shown. However the single and double-slit experiment and other experiments show that ''some'' effects of wave and particle can be measured in one measurement. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Complementarity (physics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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